Météo-France Open Data

A photo of a thermometer — Temperature – CC-BY-SA by domollie

Great news! Météo-France has started to widen its open archive data. No API so far and a lot of files… What can we do?

library(tidyverse)
library(httr)
library(glue)
library(janitor)
library(jsonlite)
library(sf)

round_any <- function(x, accuracy, f = round) {
  f(x / accuracy) * accuracy
}

We can start by selecting a few départements, here the 12 from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

# which départements to download
sel_dep <- c("01", "03", "07", "15", "26", "38", "42", "43", "63", "69", "73", "74")

# for the map (code INSEE région)
sel_reg <- "84"

Scraping

Get some information about the available files for the daily data (Données climatologiques de base - quotidiennes).

# count files available
n_files <- GET("https://www.data.gouv.fr/api/2/datasets/6569b51ae64326786e4e8e1a/") |>
  content() |> 
  pluck("resources", "total")

# get files informations
files_available <- GET(glue("https://www.data.gouv.fr/api/2/datasets/6569b51ae64326786e4e8e1a/resources/?page=1&page_size={n_files}&type=main")) |> 
  content(as = "text", encoding = "UTF-8") |> 
  fromJSON(flatten = TRUE) |> 
  pluck("data") |> 
  as_tibble(.name_repair = make_clean_names)

Download and open the files

if (!length(list.files("data"))) {
  files_available |> 
    mutate(dep = str_extract(title, "(?<=departement_)[:alnum:]{2,3}(?=_)")) |> 
    filter(dep %in% sel_dep,
           str_detect(title, "RR-T-Vent")) |> 
    pwalk(\(url, title, format, ...) {
      GET(url,
          write_disk(glue("data/{title}.{format}"),
                     overwrite = TRUE))
          },
      .progress = TRUE)
}

We get 36 files…Each département has 3 files representing the recent years, 1950-2021 and before 1950.

# parsing problems with readr::read_delim
# we use read.delim instead
meteo <- list.files("data", pattern = ".*\\.csv.gz$", full.names = TRUE) |> 
  map(read.delim,
      sep = ";",
      colClasses = c("NUM_POSTE" = "character",
                     "AAAAMMJJ" = "character"),
      .progress = TRUE) |> 
  list_rbind() |> 
  as_tibble(.name_repair = make_clean_names) |>
  mutate(num_poste = str_trim(num_poste),
         aaaammjj = ymd(aaaammjj))

# Map data
# See https://r.iresmi.net/posts/2021/simplifying_polygons_layers/
dep_sig <- read_sf("~/data/adminexpress/adminexpress_cog_simpl_000_2022.gpkg",
                   layer = "departement") |> 
  filter(insee_reg == sel_reg) |> 
  st_transform("EPSG:2154")

That’s a nice dataset of 19,254,143 rows!

Exploring

meteo |> 
  summarise(.by= c(nom_usuel, num_poste, lat, lon),
            annee_max = max(year(aaaammjj))) |> 
  mutate(statut = if_else(annee_max == year(Sys.Date()), 
                          "active", 
                          "inactive")) |> 
  st_as_sf(coords = c("lon", "lat"), crs = "EPSG:4326") |> 
  st_transform("EPSG:2154") |> 
  ggplot() +
  geom_sf(data = dep_sig) +
  geom_sf(aes(color = statut,
              shape = statut),
          size = 2, alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("inactive" = "chocolate4",
                                "active" = "chartreuse3")) +
  scale_shape_manual(values = c("inactive" = 16,
                                "active" = 17)) +
  labs(title = "Stations météo",
       subtitle = "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes",
       caption = glue("données Météo-France (https://meteo.data.gouv.fr/)
                      fond carto d'après IGN Admin Express 2022
                      https://r.iresmi.net/ {Sys.Date()}")) +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(plot.caption = element_text(size = 6))

Map of weather stations status in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes — Figure 1: Weather stations in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

What would be an interesting station?

# longest temperature time series (possibly discontinuous)
meteo |>
  filter(!is.na(tx)) |>
  summarise(.by = c(nom_usuel, num_poste),
            deb = min(year(aaaammjj)),
            fin = max(year(aaaammjj)),
            n_annee = n_distinct(year(aaaammjj))) |>
  mutate(etendue = fin - deb) |>
  arrange(desc(n_annee))

# A tibble: 924 × 6
   nom_usuel       num_poste   deb   fin n_annee etendue
   <chr>           <chr>     <dbl> <dbl>   <int>   <dbl>
 1 ST-GENIS-LAVAL  69204002   1881  2024     130     143
 2 CHAMONIX        74056001   1880  2024     111     144
 3 MONESTIER       38242001   1916  2024     108     108
 4 MONTELIMAR      26198001   1920  2024     105     104
 5 LYON-BRON       69029001   1920  2024     105     104
 6 BOURG EN BRESSE 01053001   1890  1992     103     102
 7 CLERMONT-FD     63113001   1923  2024     102     101
 8 PRIVAS          07186002   1865  1968      98     103
 9 LE PUY-CHADRAC  43046001   1928  2024      97      96
10 ANNECY          74010001   1876  1976      97     100
# ℹ 914 more rows

Choosing the longest time series:

meteo |>
  filter(num_poste == "69204002") |>
  mutate(tm = if_else(is.na(tm), (tx + tn) / 2, tm)) |> 
  select(num_poste, nom_usuel, aaaammjj, tn, tm, tx) |> 
  pivot_longer(c(tn, tm, tx),
               names_to = "mesure", 
               values_to = "temp") |> 
  mutate(mesure = factor(mesure, 
                         levels = c("tx", "tm", "tn"))) %>% {
    ggplot(data = ., aes(aaaammjj, temp, color = mesure)) +
    geom_point(size = 1, alpha = 0.01) +
    geom_smooth(method = "gam", 
                formula = y ~ s(x, bs = "cs", k = 30)) +
    scale_x_date(date_breaks = "10 years", 
                 date_labels = "%Y",
                 expand = expansion(),
                 limits = ymd(paste0(c(
                   round_any(min(year(.$aaaammjj), na.rm = TRUE), 10, floor),
                   round_any(max(year(.$aaaammjj), na.rm = TRUE), 10, ceiling)), "0101"))) +
    scale_y_continuous(breaks = scales::breaks_pretty()) +
    scale_color_manual(values = c("tn" = "deepskyblue2",
                                  "tm" = "grey50",
                                  "tx" = "firebrick2"),
                       labels = list("tx" = bquote(T[max]), 
                                     "tm" = bquote(T[moy]),
                                     "tn" = bquote(T[min]))) +
    labs(title = glue("{.$nom_usuel[[1]]} ({str_sub(.$num_poste[[1]], 1, 2)})"),
         subtitle = "Températures quotidiennes",
         x = "date",
         y = "℃",
         caption = glue("données Météo-France (https://meteo.data.gouv.fr/)
                        https://r.iresmi.net/ {Sys.Date()}")) +
    theme_minimal() +
    theme(plot.caption = element_text(size = 6),
          axis.title.y = element_text(angle = 0, vjust = 0.5))
  }

Min and max temperature smoothed — Figure 2: oldest/longest regional temperature series

--- title: "Météo-France Open Data" description: "A first glimpse" author: "Michaël" date: "2023-12-13T12:00:00" date-modified: last-modified categories: - R - datavisualization draft: false freeze: true editor_options: chunk_output_type: console chunk_output_type: console execute: eval: true --- [![Temperature -- CC-BY-SA by domollie](images/2618997594_9eab6a5141_c.jpg){.preview-image fig-alt="A photo of a thermometer"}](https://flic.kr/p/4Zr3JW) Great news! Météo-France [has started](https://social.numerique.gouv.fr/@datagouvfr/111568182572319268) to widen its [open archive data](https://meteo.data.gouv.fr/). No API so far and a lot of files... What can we do? ```{r} #| label: setup library(tidyverse) library(httr) library(glue) library(janitor) library(jsonlite) library(sf) round_any <- function(x, accuracy, f = round) { f(x / accuracy) * accuracy } ``` We can start by selecting a few *départements*, here the 12 from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. ```{r} #| label: parameters # which départements to download sel_dep <- c("01", "03", "07", "15", "26", "38", "42", "43", "63", "69", "73", "74") # for the map (code INSEE région) sel_reg <- "84" ``` ## Scraping Get some information about the available files for the daily data ([*Données climatologiques de base - quotidiennes*](https://meteo.data.gouv.fr/datasets/6569b51ae64326786e4e8e1a)). ```{r} #| label: data-information # count files available n_files <- GET("https://www.data.gouv.fr/api/2/datasets/6569b51ae64326786e4e8e1a/") |> content() |> pluck("resources", "total") # get files informations files_available <- GET(glue("https://www.data.gouv.fr/api/2/datasets/6569b51ae64326786e4e8e1a/resources/?page=1&page_size={n_files}&type=main")) |> content(as = "text", encoding = "UTF-8") |> fromJSON(flatten = TRUE) |> pluck("data") |> as_tibble(.name_repair = make_clean_names) ``` ## Download and open the files ```{r} #| label: open-data if (!length(list.files("data"))) { files_available |> mutate(dep = str_extract(title, "(?<=departement_)[:alnum:]{2,3}(?=_)")) |> filter(dep %in% sel_dep, str_detect(title, "RR-T-Vent")) |> pwalk(\(url, title, format, ...) { GET(url, write_disk(glue("data/{title}.{format}"), overwrite = TRUE)) }, .progress = TRUE) } ``` We get `r length(list.files("data"))` files...Each *département* has 3 files representing the recent years, 1950-2021 and before 1950. ```{r} #| label: open-files # parsing problems with readr::read_delim # we use read.delim instead meteo <- list.files("data", pattern = ".*\\.csv.gz$", full.names = TRUE) |> map(read.delim, sep = ";", colClasses = c("NUM_POSTE" = "character", "AAAAMMJJ" = "character"), .progress = TRUE) |> list_rbind() |> as_tibble(.name_repair = make_clean_names) |> mutate(num_poste = str_trim(num_poste), aaaammjj = ymd(aaaammjj)) # Map data # See https://r.iresmi.net/posts/2021/simplifying_polygons_layers/ dep_sig <- read_sf("~/data/adminexpress/adminexpress_cog_simpl_000_2022.gpkg", layer = "departement") |> filter(insee_reg == sel_reg) |> st_transform("EPSG:2154") ``` That's a nice dataset of `r format(nrow(meteo), big.mark = ",")` rows! ## Exploring ```{r} #| label: fig-map #| fig-cap: Weather stations in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes #| fig-alt: Map of weather stations status in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes #| out-width: "100%" #| fig-width: 7 meteo |> summarise(.by= c(nom_usuel, num_poste, lat, lon), annee_max = max(year(aaaammjj))) |> mutate(statut = if_else(annee_max == year(Sys.Date()), "active", "inactive")) |> st_as_sf(coords = c("lon", "lat"), crs = "EPSG:4326") |> st_transform("EPSG:2154") |> ggplot() + geom_sf(data = dep_sig) + geom_sf(aes(color = statut, shape = statut), size = 2, alpha = 0.5) + scale_color_manual(values = c("inactive" = "chocolate4", "active" = "chartreuse3")) + scale_shape_manual(values = c("inactive" = 16, "active" = 17)) + labs(title = "Stations météo", subtitle = "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes", caption = glue("données Météo-France (https://meteo.data.gouv.fr/) fond carto d'après IGN Admin Express 2022 https://r.iresmi.net/ {Sys.Date()}")) + theme_minimal() + theme(plot.caption = element_text(size = 6)) ``` What would be an interesting station? ```{r} #| label: explore # longest temperature time series (possibly discontinuous) meteo |> filter(!is.na(tx)) |> summarise(.by = c(nom_usuel, num_poste), deb = min(year(aaaammjj)), fin = max(year(aaaammjj)), n_annee = n_distinct(year(aaaammjj))) |> mutate(etendue = fin - deb) |> arrange(desc(n_annee)) ``` Choosing the longest time series: ```{r} #| label: fig-temp #| fig-cap: oldest/longest regional temperature series #| fig-alt: Min and max temperature smoothed #| out-width: "100%" #| fig-width: 7 meteo |> filter(num_poste == "69204002") |> mutate(tm = if_else(is.na(tm), (tx + tn) / 2, tm)) |> select(num_poste, nom_usuel, aaaammjj, tn, tm, tx) |> pivot_longer(c(tn, tm, tx), names_to = "mesure", values_to = "temp") |> mutate(mesure = factor(mesure, levels = c("tx", "tm", "tn"))) %>% { ggplot(data = ., aes(aaaammjj, temp, color = mesure)) + geom_point(size = 1, alpha = 0.01) + geom_smooth(method = "gam", formula = y ~ s(x, bs = "cs", k = 30)) + scale_x_date(date_breaks = "10 years", date_labels = "%Y", expand = expansion(), limits = ymd(paste0(c( round_any(min(year(.$aaaammjj), na.rm = TRUE), 10, floor), round_any(max(year(.$aaaammjj), na.rm = TRUE), 10, ceiling)), "0101"))) + scale_y_continuous(breaks = scales::breaks_pretty()) + scale_color_manual(values = c("tn" = "deepskyblue2", "tm" = "grey50", "tx" = "firebrick2"), labels = list("tx" = bquote(T[max]), "tm" = bquote(T[moy]), "tn" = bquote(T[min]))) + labs(title = glue("{.$nom_usuel[[1]]} ({str_sub(.$num_poste[[1]], 1, 2)})"), subtitle = "Températures quotidiennes", x = "date", y = "℃", caption = glue("données Météo-France (https://meteo.data.gouv.fr/) https://r.iresmi.net/ {Sys.Date()}")) + theme_minimal() + theme(plot.caption = element_text(size = 6), axis.title.y = element_text(angle = 0, vjust = 0.5)) } ```